A passive network is a type of computer network in which each node operates a predefined function or process. Passive networking does not execute any code or specialized instructions at any node and does not change its behavior. Dynamically active networking is a relatively new concept, where the network is not just a passive vector of bits but a more general computation model. An active network can be viewed simplistically as a set of “active nodes” that perform ad hoc operations on the data flowing through them. Networking equipment is special devices used to connect various servers, computers, application terminals and other nodes to each other to form a data network in a local area network, a city... Communications